Structural Equation Modeling

Structural equation modeling is an advanced statistical technique that has many layers and many complex concepts. Researchers who use structural equation modeling have a good understanding of basic statistics, regression analyses, and factor analyses. Building a structural equation model requires rigorous logic as well as a deep knowledge of the field’s theory and prior empirical evidence. This article provides a very general overview of structural equation modeling without digging into the intricacies involved. Structural equation modeling is a collection of statistical techniques that allow a set of relationships between one or more independent variables and one or more dependent variables to be examined. Both independent and dependent variables can be either continuous or discrete and can be either factors or measured variables. Structural equation modeling also goes by several other names: causal modeling, causal analysis, simultaneous equation modeling, analysis of covariance structures, path analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis. When exploratory factor analysis is combined with multiple regression analyses, the result is structural equation modeling (SEM). SEM allows questions to be answered that involve multiple regression analyses of factors. At the simplest level, the researcher posits a relationship between a single measured variable and other measured variables. The purpose of SEM is to attempt to explain â€Å"raw† correlations among directly observed variables. Path Diagrams Path diagrams are fundamental to SEM because they allow the researcher to diagram the hypothesized model, or set of relationships. These diagrams are helpful in clarifying the researcher’s ideas about the relationships among variables and can be directly translated into the equations needed for analysis. Path diagrams are made up of several principles: Measured variables are represented by squares or rectangles.Factors, which are made up of two or more indicators, are represented by circles or ovals.Relationships between variables are indicated by lines; lack of a line connecting the variables implies that no direct relationship is hypothesized.All lines have either one or two arrows. A line with one arrow represents a hypothesized direct relationship between two variables, and the variable with the arrow pointing toward it is the dependent variable. A line with an arrow at both ends indicates an unanalyzed relationship with no implied direction of effect. Research Questions Addressed by Structural Equation Modeling The main question asked by structural equation modeling is, â€Å"Does the model produce an estimated population covariance matrix that is consistent with the sample (observed) covariance matrix?† After this, there are several other questions that SEM can address. Adequacy of the model: Parameters are estimated to create an estimated population covariance matrix. If the model is good, the parameter estimates will produce an estimated matrix that is close to the sample covariance matrix. This is evaluated primarily with the chi-square test statistic and fit indices.Testing theory: Each theory, or model, generates its own covariance matrix. So which theory is best? Models representing competing theories in a specific research area are estimated, pitted against each other, and evaluated.Amount of variance in the variables accounted for by the factors: How much of the variance in the dependent variables is accounted for by the independent variables? This is answered through R-squared-type statistics.Reliability of the indicators: How reliable are each of the measured variables? SEM derives reliability of measured variables and internal consistency measures of reliability.Parameter estimates: SEM generates parameter estimates, or coefficients, for each path in the model, which can be used to distinguish if one path is more or less important than other paths in predicting the outcome measure.Mediation: Does an independent variable affect a specific dependent variable or does the independent variable affect the dependent variable though a mediating variable? This is called a test of indirect effects.Group differences: Do two or more groups differ in their covariance matrices, regression coefficients, or means? Multiple group modeling can be done in SEM to test this.Longitudinal differences: Differences within and across people across time can also be examined. This time interval can be years, days, or even microseconds.Multilevel modeling: Here, independent variables are collected at different nested levels of measurement (for example, students nested within classrooms nested within schools) are used to predict dependent variables at the same or other levels of measurement. Weaknesses of Structural Equation Modeling Relative to alternative statistical procedures, structural equation modeling has several weaknesses: It requires a relatively large sample size (N of 150 or greater).It requires much more formal training in statistics to be able to effectively use SEM software programs.It requires well-specified measurement and conceptual model. SEM is theory driven, so one must have well-developed a priori models. References Tabachnick, B. G. and Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using Multivariate Statistics, Fourth Edition. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon. Kercher, K. (Accessed November 2011). Introduction to SEM (Structural Equation Modeling). http://www.chrp.org/pdf/HSR061705.pdf

Literature Reveiw About Ethics and Organic Food - 9160 Words

- MASTER OF ARTS IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS - - LITERATURE REVIEW- Attitudes and motivations that influence the selection of organic food among consumers Adeline Marià © Supervisor : M. Bloom ETU 20030459 SUMMARY General Background 4 1 Market development and cultural factors. 5 1.1 Culture influences the food choice. 5 1.2 The level of development of the country market influences organic food choice 6 1.2.1 A cross- national study of Danish and New-Zealand organic consumers. 6 1.2.2 The moderators of consumption depend on the market development 7 2 The attitudes that influence consumer 9 2.1 Attitudes and the Theory of Planned Behaviour 9 2.1.1 Attitudes 9 2.1.2 The Theory of Planned Behaviour and†¦show more content†¦In a first part, we will try to understand the impact on culture on consumption and then the need to look at each country particularly. Then we will discuss the main factors that influence the consumers that is to say: attitudes, values and motivations (combined with socio-demographic factors). Eventually, we will present and analyse the research we decided to base our study on in order to develop the constructs and the propositions of the conceptual framework. 1 Market development and cultural factors. 1.1 Culture influences the food choice. The most primary factor that gives a direction to an individual is certainly is culture or region of origin. Solomon (1991, chap 15) defines it as a society s personality. It s the sharing among a population of traditions, norms, beliefs and attitudes in one country or in one specific region. Culture is the first socio-demographic factor that would affect the decision to purchase. Socio-demographic factors (Mac Carthy and Perreault, 1990, p79-81) are the dimensions that affect the consumer act of purchase in a specific consumption context. The typical ways to segment and define consumers are presented in the exhibit 1: the socio-demographic factors. Regarding this postulate, we can assume that the behaviour will be different from a country to another. For instance, Aarset et. Al (2004) highlighted that from a country to another, organic products are not seen to be

Is there a market for wool suits that are washable Free Essays

Washable wool suits with finest material and craftsmanship are very popular among men. Many Australian and Chinese companies are now introducing machine washable new blend of wool suits for increasing the sale of these suits among professionals. In 2005, a Chinese businessman and movie star in joint venture with Helain Group introduced washable wool blend suits with high quality, special performance and easy care. We will write a custom essay sample on Is there a market for wool suits that are washable? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Helian group is China’s one the largest manufacturers and retailers of menswear. They have around more than 250 retail shops in all over China and production of 3 million per year (Yin introduces, 2005) These suits were made with special blended material to maintain their style and shape even after machine wash. Retailers have always been interested in buying and merchandising washable wool suits to enhance their sales and popularize their use among new generation. Washable wool suits are marketed in key regions of China and Australia and displayed at several trade shows and exhibitions in retail stores. Washable wool suits, which were introduced in China, were made with Australian Marino wool. As these suits were introduced it was expected that demand for Australian Marino wool will increase. These wool suits were specifically introduced for increased performance and new innovative styles (Yin introduces, 2005). In 2003, Australian company AWI and Berkeley were the first to develop the technology of these suits. Later these were introduced in China in order to increase demand for Australian wool. Currently China is the largest buyer of Australian wool. Washable wool suits are also becoming popular among other Asian countries. According to Furong, President of Heilan, introduction of machine washable wool blend suits has put Heilan group at edge of others and a major step in improving their market share.   In addition, he believes that the suits they produced were easy to care, easy washable, convenience and cost effective and has huge market potential in China (Yin introduces, 2005). The need for machine washed and dried suits was also felt among American and UK professionals. Men are usually looking for suits that can be machine washed, dried and can be worn without the needed of ironing. However, one problem they face is wrinkles that appear soon after machine wash ruining the expensive fine suit. The second thing of concern to men is the need of well creased and pressed suits during their jobs and business meetings. Young professionals are more interested in having such suits. For some people suits are not just for convenience but they are worn to increase your reputability and status while you work among the company of respectable people, as noticed by a fashion historian, Anne Hollander (Rohwedder, 2006). Many professionals prefer machine wash than going to dry cleaner because its easy, fast and cost effective for them. â€Å"Kenny Cook, a 37-year-old desk clerk for Royal Mail in London, plans to buy one of the new suits for a friend’s wedding later this month. Mr. Cook says he eats lunch at his desk and often drops a piece of his sandwich on his suits. ‘I can’t be bothered to go to the dry cleaners,’ says Mr. Cook. ‘But I’ve mastered a washing machine.’† (Rohwedder, 2006) According to a report the new machine washable and dryer-friendly wool suits are made with 45% wool, 52% polyester and 3% lycra. That prevents wool to become as a wet as in its original form. Sale of such suits is also going high in UK and USA. However, most men think that these suits are not very hot, scratchy or shiny (Rohwedder, 2006). US retailers like Nordstorn Inc think that wash and dry suits is a great innovation and needs more development. But Catherine Hayward who is director of fashion design at British magazine thought that there is no need to have machine washable suits as these are needed to work at reputable organizations not for gardening or meat market (Rohwedder, 2006). However, different people have different thinking and many have considered a need for machine washable suits. Sales in China, USA, UK, and even in other Asian countries is gradually increasing. Works Cited Australia : Yin introduces Heilan’s washable wool blend suits (2005) . Retrieved from World Wide Web: http://www.fibre2fashion.com/news/textile-news/newsdetails.aspx?news_id=10076   Beyond the Bale – Issue 16 – Wool Suits Chinese Buyers. Suitable Attire? Suit Goes in Washer, Dryer, But Traditionalists Recoil: ‘This is the Antichrist’ (2006) Retrieved from http://online.wsj.com/article/SB114548666330130509.html?mod=todays_us_marketplace How to cite Is there a market for wool suits that are washable?, Essay examples

Congestive Hear Failure for Alcohol and Drugs - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCongestive Hear Failure for Alcohol and Drugs. Answer: Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a chronic disease that is mainly caused due to the inability of the heart to pump adequate amount of blood for meeting the oxygen demand of various organs (Kemp Conte, 2012). The case study reveals the fact that Mrs. McKenzie has been suffering from diastolic cardiac failure as she has hypertension and her respiratory rate is 30 bpm. Congestive heart failure can be brought about by several causes. It can be caused by cardiomyopathy (weakening of the heart muscles), damaged valves of the heart, Ischemic cardiomyopathy, where the blood vessels supplying the coronary arteries gets blocked (Kemp Conte, 2012). Toxic exposure to alcohol and drugs can also cause this disease. Left ventricular hypertrophy (thickening of the heart muscles) that is caused due to hypertension may also act as the contributing factor. The risk factors contributing to CHF are equal to the risk of stroke, coronary heart disease. According to Kemp Conte, (2012) hypertension is the most important risk factor accounting for about CHF in 59 % of women and 39% of men (Dib, Matin, Luckert, 2012). Elevated cholesterol, diabetes and obesity are the other factors. It is evident that Mrs. Sharon McKenzie already had a past history of Myocardial infarction at the age of 65. CHF occurs in about half of the patients with MI. With CHF the stroke volume de creases but the cardiac index is maintained by an increased heart rate. The minute work and the stroke work of the left ventricles are decreased significantly further decreasing the end-diastolic pressure of the left ventricle. This complicates the myocardial infarction causing CHF. The prevention and the treatment of CHF have risen to a burgeoning public health problem. There are almost 20 million people worldwide who are affected by CHF. According to the Australian commission for health and safety, about 5.2 millions of Australians suffer from CHF, much of which is due the obesity and diabetes (Australian heart Foundation, 2018). The estimated mortality due to CHF is about 286000. It follows an exponential pattern affecting 6-10 % of the population over the age of 65. The expected cost to the disease in Australia has been recorded to be $34.8 billion (Australian heart Foundation, 2018). CHF have not only affected the physical health of Mrs. Mackenzie, but also contribute to her emotional burden. Sense of inferiority complex or discontent may come due to the inability to do daily chores. Furthermore it will also contribute to the emotional burden. CHF failure requires regular monitoring and costly medications and even hospital stay. Hence this would also affect the economic condition of the family. The patients husband may suffer from anxiety and may be perturbed about her wellbeing. Some people even face from high levels of depressive symptoms. Symptoms Underlying pathophysiology Shortness of breath Shortness of breath, which is associated to the early stage of exertion. Difficulty in breathing is related to the recumbent position due to the augmentation of the venous return to the heart (Kemp Conte, 2012). Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea can be caused by the pulmonary congestion with the accumulated fluid in the alveolar and the institial spaces developing pulmonary edema. Lack of appetite and nausea Fluid buildup around the liver and the gut can interfere with the process of digestion that may cause changes in the appetite (Katz Konstam, 2012). Nausea is a complex act that needs central neurologic coordination. The neurologic coordination of the components of nausea is provided by the emetic center. The onset of nausea can also be due to the changes in the hormonal levels of arginine vasopressin (Cowie Poole-Wilson, 2013). Sleeping disorders and nocturia Accumulation of the extra fluid s may increase the rate of urination at night leading to sleeping disorders (Sobotka et al., 2013). Some finds it difficult to sleep without sitting upright. Renal perfusion may increase when the patient is in a supine position as when a patient lies down the blood that has been accumulated in the extremities return back to the heart and the cardiac output increases (Sobotka et al., 2013). Compared to the daytime. The augmented cardiac output perfuses the kidney to produce more urine for decreasing the work load of the heart. Swelling of ankles Edema in congestive heart failure is due to the activation of a number of humoral and non humoral mechanisms promoting re-absorption of the sodium and water by the kidneys and the expansion of the extracellular fluid (Kemp Conte, 2012). As the right ventricle of the heart begins to fail fluid begins to collect in the feet (Kemp Conte, 2012). Fatigue Fatigue during congestive heart failure is mainly caused due to the reduced cardiac output. CHF is linked with the disruptive perfusion of the vital organs, vasoconstrictive drive and diversion of the blood flow away from the skin and muscle circulations. This diversion causes muscular fatigue. Reduced oxygen delivery can fatigue and exhaustion (Mebazaa et al., 2015). Common classes of drugs Furosemide is a diuretic drug that is normally used for eliminating the water and salt from the body (Bikdeli et al., 2013). It is used against the accumulation of the fluid in the blood. It inhibits the re-absorption of the water in the nephron by the blockage of the potassium- chloride co-transporters (NKCC22) in the Henle's loop of the nephron. This mainly occurs due to the competitive inhibition occurring in the chloride binding site of the cotransporter (Felker Mentz, 2012). It prevents the transport of the sodium from the Henle's loop in the basolateral interstitium. As a result the lumen becomes hypertonic and the interstitium becomes less hypertonic, diminishing the osmotic gradient for the absorption of the water in the nephron. The salt, water and other molecules are normally filtered out of the blood in the kidneys and the filtered fluid ultimately becomes the urine (Bikdeli et al., 2013). The sodium, chloride that has been filtered out of the blood is reabsorbed in the b lood and before the conversion of the filtered fluid in to urine. Furosemide blocks the absorption of sodium, chloride and water from the filtered fluid from the kidney leading to a profound increase of urine. Thus this medicine can be used to cure the edema in the patient with CHF and fluid retention (Felker Mentz, 2012). ACE inhibitors like lisinopril, can be used for patients having CHF, as Angiostenin converting enzymes reduce the formation of the heart damaging hormones (McMurray et al., 2013). It dilates the blood vessels to lower the blood pressure in order to lessen the heart workload. It helps in blocking the formation of angiostenin II, which narrows the blood vessels and increases the blood pressure. It works by controlling the activity of the renin- angiostenin-aldosterone system (RAAS). RAAS controls the bllod pressure fluctuations. Renin in secreted in the juxtaglomerular structure of the kidney and this then produces the angieostenin. The angiostenin is converted in to angiostenin II by the ACE which increases the fluid retention and increased blood pressure. The ACE inhibitor blocks the conversion of the angiostenin I to angeostenin II. Thus it can be considered as a suitable class of medication for Mrs Mackenzie (McMurray et al., 2013). Nursing care strategies: - At the time of admission a registered nurse should first evaluate and treat the precipitating factors that have caused the heart failure right after the admission the patient, the cardiac status of the patients should be evaluated by electrocardiogram, echocardiogram (Krim et al., 2015). The immediate drug that can be administered right after the hospital admissions are furosemide, ethacrynic acid in order to inhibit the reabsorption of the sodium , potassium and the chloride from the Henle's loop (Australian heart Foundation, 2018). Nurses should be careful regarding the dosing of the diuretics, as it is vital in maintaining the normal volume status in patients with heart failure. After the initiation of the diuretics, there should be a careful monitoring of the hemodynamics (Krim et al., 2015). Bed rest is necessary during the hospital admission for improving the diuresis, physical therapy with early ambulation is required in the first 24 hours of the admission. Foley catheter can be used if the accurate assessment of urine cannot be done due to factors such as incontinence (Krim et al., 2015). The volume status should be assessed at least once in a day, including the assessment of the peripheral edema, ascites, jugular venous pressure, hepatimegaly and body weight (Feltner et al., 2014). The symptoms should be reevaluated and focus should be given on the symptoms that triggered the hospital admission. There should be a close monitoring of the vital signs in order to see the effects of diuretics in hypotension and urine output (Bradley et al., 2013). The renal output and the balance in the electrolytes should be maintained in order to ensure the replacements of the electrolytes. At the time of the admission all the guideline directed therapies should be assessed and evaluated and should be adjusted depending on the patient's condition (Bradley et al., 2013). Beta blockers and ACE Inhibitors can be used to allow diuresis and perfusion of the target organs (Feltner et al., 2014). ARBs can be used in patients who cannot tolerate ACE inhibitors. The nurses should be cautious wh ile applying the Beta blockers to the patients who have taken inotropic therapy at the time of their index hospitalisation and those with newly diagnosed cardiac failure (Bradley et al., 2013). Reduced cardiac output, decreased ambulation increases the risk of thromboembolic events. In order to mitigate the risk, thromboembolism prophylaxis has to be administered to the patients (Feltner et al., 2014). Nurses should ausculate the breathe sound frequently for any crackles or wheezes, assess the bowel sounds for visceral congestion can change the intestinal function and hence any signs of anorexia should be reported. Nurses should encourage the patient to verbalize the feelings (Mebazaa et al., 2015). The abdomen should be palpated and any reports of right upper quadrant pain and tenderness should be reported (Feltner et al., 2014). The dietician should be consulted with for providing the necessary diet to the patient that meets her caloric needs within restricted sodium level. Nurses should be able to provide a holistic care approach to the patient, which involves provision of a calm and quite environment, helping the patient to manage stressful conditions, listen and respon d to their feelings (Rustad et al., 2012). References Alt, E. (2014). U.S. Patent No. 8,777,851. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Australian Foundation, T. (2018). Heart attack treatment. The Heart Foundation. Retrieved 24 March 2018, from https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/after-my-heart-attack/heart-attack-treatment Bikdeli, B., Strait, K. M., Dharmarajan, K., Partovian, C., Coca, S. G., Kim, N., ... Krumholz, H. M. (2013). Dominance of furosemide for loop diuretic therapy in heart failure: time to revisit the alternatives?. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 61(14), 1549-1550. Bradley, E. H., Curry, L., Horwitz, L. I., Sipsma, H., Wang, Y., Walsh, M. N., ... Krumholz, H. M. (2013). Hospital strategies associated with 30-day readmission rates for patients with heart failure. Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, 6(4), 444-450. Cowie, M. R., Poole-Wilson, P. A. (2013). Pathophysiology of heart failure. In Essential cardiology (pp. 327-345). Springer, New York, NY. Dib, J. E., Matin, S. A., Luckert, A. (2012). Prehospital use of continuous positive airway pressure for acute severe congestive heart failure. Journal of Emergency Medicine, 42(5), 553-558. Felker, G. M., Mentz, R. J. (2012). Diuretics and ultrafiltration in acute decompensated heart failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 59(24), 2145-2153. Feltner, C., Jones, C. D., Cen, C. W., Zheng, Z. J., Sueta, C. A., Coker-Schwimmer, E. J., ... Jonas, D. E. (2014). Transitional care interventions to prevent readmissions for persons with heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of internal medicine, 160(11), 774-784. Katz, A. M., Konstam, M. A. (2012). Heart failure: pathophysiology, molecular biology, and clinical management. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Kemp, C. D., Conte, J. V. (2012). The pathophysiology of heart failure. Cardiovascular Pathology, 21(5), 365-371. Krim, S. R., Campbell, P. T., Desai, S., Mandras, S., Patel, H., Eiswirth, C., Ventura, H. O. (2015). Management of Patients Admitted with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure. The Ochsner Journal, 15(3), 284289. McMurray, J. J., Packer, M., Desai, A. S., Gong, J., Lefkowitz, M. P., Rizkala, A. R., ... Zile, M. R. (2014). Angiotensinneprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure. New England Journal of Medicine, 371(11), 993-1004. Mebazaa, A., Yilmaz, M. B., Levy, P., Ponikowski, P., Peacock, W. F., Laribi, S., ... McDonagh, T. (2015). Recommendations on pre?hospital early hospital management of acute heart failure: a consensus paper from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology, the European Society of Emergency Medicine and the Society of Academic Emergency Medicine. European journal of heart failure, 17(6), 544-558. Rustad, J. K., Stern, T. A., Hebert, K. A., Musselman, D. L. (2013). Diagnosis and treatment of depression in patients with congestive heart failure: a review of the literature. The primary care companion for CNS disorders, 15(4). Sobotka, P. A., Krum, H., Bhm, M., Francis, D. P., Schlaich, M. P. (2012). The role of renal denervation in the treatment of heart failure. Current cardiology reports, 14(3), 285-292.

Understand the expected pattern of development for children and young people from birth to 19 years free essay sample

Children’s development is continuous and can be measured in a number of different ways. Although all children will develop at different rates and in different ways, the sequence in which they develop will be roughly the same as they need to have developed one skill, for example walking, before they move on to develop another such as running and jumping. Development is often referred to on a timeline and is broken down in ages. As development is more rapid in early years, the milestones start by being quite close together before becoming further apart as baby becomes a child and then a young adult. The aspects of development that children are measured on are physical, language, social and emotional, moral and intellect. PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT This is important area of children’s overall development and one which can often be assumed will take place automatically as they get older, it is important that they have the opportunity to develop them in a variety of ways and they will need support in order to do this. We will write a custom essay sample on Understand the expected pattern of development for children and young people from birth to 19 years or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 0-3 babies’ movements are depending on reflexes such as sucking and grasping which they need to survive. By the age of 1 they slowly learn to have more control and most babies will be crawling or rolling. By the time they are 2 most children will be able to walk and control their movement which means they will be able to point, hold small objects, play with ball and start climbing. By their third year they will have more hand control and will be able to hold crayons and pencils, turning book pages, use cups and dress themselves. They will be running more confidently and start using tricycles. 3-7 – at this age children will be more confident in skills they have learnt and will have more control with skills like drawing, writing, colouring and cutting. Children will also be more confident in running, hopping, kicking ball and playing with larger equipment. 7-12 – children will start having hobbies and interests which means they will develop more skills in certain areas, for example, sport or dancing. They will also be able to do some more controlled finer movements, like playing an instrument or sewing. Girls might start showing some signs of puberty. 12-16 – young people will be growing stronger. Boys will be in their puberty and girls will have regular periods. 16-19 – young people become adults. Girls would reach their physical maturity, boys will continue to grow and change until their mid twenties. COMMUNICATION AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT 0-3 – adults will talk to babies even though babies can’t understand them yet. It is important for babies to be stimulated or they will find it difficult to learn the skills of effective communication later. At this age, babies will enjoy songs and games. Most will start speaking when 1 year old. 1-2years old they will start putting words together and by 2 years most children will have around 200 words. 2-3years old their vocabulary will increase rapidly but will still make some grammatical mistakes. 3-7 – children are becoming more social and will ask large number of questions, able to talk in past and future tenses confidently. 7-12 and upwards – by this age, children will develop their communication and language skill and will be able to speak fluently. Their language skills will enable them to express their opinions and share their ideas. INTELECTUAL AND CONGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT Children intellectual development will depend on a wide extent of their own experiences and opportunities they are given from early stages. Children will learn in variety of ways and some will find particular tasks more difficult than others due to their own strength and abilities. 0-3 – babies will be aware of the world around them and will start to understand that objects are still here even when hidden. Babies and children will learn to indentify different items and will be able to point them. 3-7 – children will become skilled at writing and learning about their world. They will be starting to learn to read. 7-11 – children will start to develop ideas about activities or subjects they enjoy, they will still be influenced by adults and are becoming fluent in reading and writing skills. They will be developing their own thoughts and preferences and will be able to transfer information and think in more abstract way. 12 – 16 – young people will now have a clear idea about what they favourite subjects and activities are and will usually be more motivated in these areas. They might avoid situations and lack in confidence with other subjects. It is very important for teenagers to feel good about themselves and have sense of belonging. 16 – 19 – By the time they come to leave school, young people will be thinking about career and university based on subjects they selected. They will be able to focus on their areas of strength and look forward to continuing to develop these as they move on. SOCIAL, EMOTIONAL, BEHAVIOURAL AND MORAL DEVELOPMENT This area is about children and young people feel about themselves and relate to others. They need confidence to become independent as t they grow older and start to make their own way in the world. 0-3 – Very young children will be starting about their own identities. They will need to form strong attachment with parents or carers. At this stage children might have tantrums through the frustrations and will want and need to start doing things for themselves. 3 7 – children will still be developing their identities and will be starting to play with their peers and socialise using imaginative play, this will help them their concept of different roles in their lives. It is important that they learn to understand the importance of boundaries and why are they necessary. They will also respond well to given responsibilities and will need adult approval. 7 – 12 children’s friendship will become more settled and they will have group of friends. They will need to have an opportunity to solve problems and carry out some tasks that require more independence. They will continue to need to be praised and will be aware of what others might think of them. 12 – 16 – at this stage, self esteem can be very vulnerable. They will want to be more independent of adults and spend more time with peers, but can continue to show childish behaviour. They can find that they are under the pressures of growing up and increasing expectations, and may be unsure how to behave in different situations. 16 – 19 – children enter adulthood but still need some advice and guidance from adults. They will lack experience and will individuals will vary in emotional maturity and the way in which they interact with others.

The Beatles essays

The Beatles essays The Beatles are rocks classic act, in the fullest sense of the term. Their music has spoken not only to its own time, but also every generation since. They remain more widely known than any other band of the rock era, and maybe of any era. The group consisted of four Englishmen: George Harrison, John Lennon, Paul McCartney, and Ringo Starr. Starr was the drummer and the others usually played electric guitar. All of the Beatles sang occasionally. They became knows as the Beatles in 1960. During the sixties, the Beatles recordings topped both the singles and album charts. With the Beatles, albums became rock milestones. Before, rock records were promoted mainly as singles. Record sales were only one dimension of their popularity. When their career really took off, Beatlemania consumed everyone, including the western world. At concerts, fans would cry and scream so loud the group could not be heard. The Beatles toured the United States in 1964 and created mayhem everywhere they preformed. Police and security persons were not prepared for the fans reaction to the Beatles. The group became the most popular group in rock and achieved not only national, but international fame. The Beatles starred in two popular movies A Hard Days Night and Help! A full length cartoon, Yellow Submarine featured the songs and characters of the Beatles. Beatlemania exploded when the group performed to some on Ed Sullivans popular television program. Over 73 million Americans tuned into the show. After the performance The Beatles would have five singles on the billboard Hot 100 Charts. Their hair and clothing styles influenced a generation of young people. Fifteen thousand Beatle wigs were sold daily. Still grown-ups took the Beatles more seriously as a psychological rather than as a musical phenomenon. ...

The Basics of a Student Teacher Resume

The Basics of a Student Teacher Resume Its important to think of your student teaching resume as your best marketing tool. This sheet of paper can be the key to getting a teaching job. Use the following tips as a guide as you develop your teaching resume. The Basics The following four headers are a must-have. The other options below should only be added if you have the experience in that particular area. →Identification→Certification→Education→Experience Identification This information should start your resume off concisely and should be printed using a font size of 12 or 14; this will help your name stand out. The best fonts to use are Arial or New Times Roman. Your identification section should include: NamePhone number ( if you have a cell phone number add that too)Address (if you have a permanent and a current address then list both of them)Email Certification This is where you list all of your certifications and endorsements that you have, each one should be on a separate line. If you are not certificated yet, then list the certification and the date that you are expected to receive it. Example: New York State Initial Certification, Expected May 2013 Education Make sure you include the following: If you are a recent or upcoming graduate then this section should be on top.Make sure you know the degree that you will be receiving and list it correctly.Include your GPA if it is 3.0 or above.Tutored students pre-k through 12th grade in reading and math.Teaching Related Experience: This section would include paid or unpaid experience that you had working with children. This can include tutor, sports coach, camp counselor, etc. Under each position list a few bullet-ed statements about what you accomplished during that position.Examples:Tutor, Huntington Learning Center, Kenmore, New York, Summer 2009.Teachers Aid, 123 Preschool, Tonawanda, New York, Fall, 2010.Oversaw the safety and care of childrenInteractive Field Experience: This section is where you add your student teaching experience. Make sure you include the grade you worked with and subject. Include specific examples of what you did with the students.Examples:Worked individually with students to develop reading skills throu gh interactive games.Developed and implemented an interdisciplinary social studies unit for a bilingual classroom.Lessons involved cooperative learning, language experience approach, hands-on experiences, and interdisciplinary teaching. Volunteer Experience/Community Service: List experiences that you had in which you supported people, communities or services. This can range from religious organizations to fundraising.Work Experience: This section is where you can include relevant experience that you had in other industries. Focus on skills that you can use in the classroom such as managing, training, public speaking, etc.Examples:Trained new employees in Search Engine Optimization.Managed payroll for company name. If you have not graduated yet, then list your anticipated or expected degree. Here are some following examples: Bachelor of Science in Elementary Education, State University of New York College at Buffalo, Expected May 2103.Master of Science in Education, State University of New York College at Buffalo, May 2013. Experience This section is the most important part of your resume. Only include experience that is relevant and that demonstrates your skills and achievements. There are a few headers that you can use in this section. Choose the option that you have the most experience working with students in. If you have a lot of experience, then you can add more than one section. Additional Optional Sections The following sections are optional. Only add additional headers if you think it will add appeal to your prospective employer. Honors: Deans List, Scholarships, anything related to teaching.Special Skills: Ability to speak a second language, proficient in computers.Professional Memberships: List any educational associations you belong to.Related Coursework: List any advanced relevant classes you have taken.